Recombinant Human PRL Protein

Name: Recombinant Human PRL Protein
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-2688NP
Price: 267.0 USD
Availability: InStock

Collections: Other recombinant proteins, Recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Human Prolactin is produced by our E.coli expression system and the target gene encoding Leu29-Cys227 is expressed.
Accession	P01236
Synonym	Prolactin; PRL
Gene Background	Prolactin (PRL) is a secreted neuroendocrine pituitary hormone that acts primarily on the mammary gland to promote lactation, but has pleiotropic effects in both males and females. Non-glycosylated prolactin is produced by the pituitary and packaged in storage granules before secretion, while glycosylated prolactin is reported to be constitutively secreted, have lower biological potency, and be removed from the circulation more quickly. Prolactin is synthesized mainly by the anterior pituitary in all mammals, where secretion is under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine. In humans, prolactin is also produced peripherally. Prolactin expression is low during early human pregnancy, but increases in late pregnancy. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a transmembrane type I glycoprotein that belongs to the cytokine hematopoietic receptor family. prolactin molecule is thought to bind two receptor molecules. In addition to its lactogenic activity, peripherally produced prolactin plays roles in breast and prostate cancer development, regulation of reproductive function, and immunoregulation.
Molecular Mass	23 KDa
Apmol Mass	25 KDa, reducing conditions
Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 20mM PB, 150mM Nacl, 1mM EDTA, pH 7.4.
Endotoxin	Less than 0.001 ng/µg (0.01 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity
Biological Activity	Not tested
Reconstitution	Always centrifuge tubes before opening. Do not mix by vortex or pipetting. It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml. Dissolve the lyophilized protein in distilled water. Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage	Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage	For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function	Prolactin acts primarily on the mammary gland by promoting lactation.
Subcellular Location	Secreted.
Protein Families	Somatotropin/prolactin family
Database References	HGNC: 9445 OMIM: 176760 KEGG: hsa:5617 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000302150 UniGene: Hs.1905

Gene Functions References

Circulating prolactin levels may not be higher in patients with Behcet's disease than in controls (meta-analysis). PMID: 29412808
Cin85-deficient mother mice had reduced pituitary hormone prolactin secretion as a result of excessive dopamine signaling in the brain. Their offspring matured normally and produced their own pups; however, nurturing behaviors such as pup retrieval and nursing were strongly inhibited. PMID: 29158391
PRL levels were lower in psychogenic non-epileptic seizure patients with a history of sexual abuse compared to healthy controls and healthy controls with a history of sexual abuse. PMID: 28927333
In newborns, serum PRL and hGH levels show a positive correlation that can be explained by common regulatory factors or a drift phenomenon. A higher gestational week is associated with a higher PRL/hGH ratio. PMID: 28700563
High normal circulating prolactin levels predict changes in haemodynamic indices and worsening endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Particularly in young postmenopausal women, prolactin predicts accelerated arterial stiffening. PMID: 28332508
In conclusion, the present study provides evidence supporting a significantly positive association between plasma prolactin levels and the risk of breast cancer. PMID: 27184120
Our studies have demonstrated the essential role of endogenous PRL and CDK7 in the upregulation of PRLR by E2 and provide insights for therapeutic approaches that will mitigate the transcription/expression of PRLR and its participation in breast cancer progression fueled by E2 and PRL via their cognate receptors. PMID: 28423697
GABA alpha2 and/or alpha3 receptor subtypes are involved in GABAergic modulation of prolactin secretion. PMID: 27128218
This study revealed a significant association between the prolactin polymorphic variant rs1341239 and the development of hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia. PMID: 27776952
High serum prolactin and vasoinhibin levels predict and may impact retinopathy of prematurity progression PMID: 27842054
The production of PRL by Mvarphis was increased by unknown components of rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid, where it could contribute to disease progression. PMID: 28642278
findings show that cysteine in the PRL catalytic site is endogenously phosphorylated as part of the catalytic cycle and that phosphocysteine levels change in response to Mg(2+) levels. PMID: 27856537
Depression and anxiety in subfertile males are associated with higher secretion of PRL. PMID: 28456148
Prolactin rs1341239 T allele decreases the risk of brick tea fluorosis in the Inner Mongolia in China population. PMID: 28152004
In breast cancer, PRL hormone and its signaling pathway may play an important role in maintaining tumor differentiation state and in turn better patient outcome. PMID: 26980025
Data indicate 12 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) associated with increased prolactin levels in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). PMID: 27357110
these data strongly support a critical interplay between prolactin and estrogen via PAK1 and suggest that ligand-independent activation of ERalpha through prolactin/PAK1 may impart resistance to anti-estrogen therapies. PMID: 26944939
These data provide insight into the mechanisms guiding PRL-mediated breast cancer cell motility and invasion and highlight a significant role for phosphoTyr-PAK1 in breast cancer metastasis. PMID: 27542844
changes in mRNA expression of selected toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR7), stress cytokine prolactin (PRL), and proand anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10) in peripheral blood monocytes of celiac disease patients, were investiagted. PMID: 28028951
The review focuses on the role of prolactin in breast development, bone homeostasis and in breast cancer to bone metastases. (Review) PMID: 27782069
Study demonstrate that PRL is necessary for the survival of (retinal pigment epithelium) RPE under normal and advancing age conditions and, identified SIRT2 and TRPM2 as molecular targets for the antioxidant and antiapoptotic actions of PRL in the RPE. PMID: 27322457
This review addresses risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) linked to prolactin (PRL), the effects of PRL and vasoinhibins on joint tissues, blood vessels, and immune cells, and the clinical and experimental data associating PRL with RA. [review] PMID: 27026299
Data suggest that the serum level of PRL was closely related to the antibody production and disease activity of systemic lupus eruthematosus patients. PRL concentration was dramatically reduced upon the remission of disease activity. PMID: 26678441
prolactin levels and pituitary adenoma diameters may be associated with increased risk of cancer in patients with prolactinoma PMID: 26720589
reduction in prolactin level is frequent after SRS and FSRT for prolactinomas; however, true biochemical remission is uncommon. PMID: 25410143
the -1189 estrogen response element is the dominant response element involved in the human PRL transcriptional response. PMID: 26691151
Data suggest that plasma kisspeptin and serum prolactin levels may be involved in the physiopathology of breast enlargement in newborns. PMID: 26831552
Serum PRL was significantly higher in chronic hepatitis C patients compared to controls. PMID: 25912488
PAK1 nuclear translocation is ligand-dependent: only PRL but not E2 stimulated PAK1 nuclear translocation PMID: 27003261
Mean serum prolactin level was higher in the patients with recurrent miscarriage than in healthy women. PMID: 26370377
findings revealed that the -1149TT genotype was correlated with higher levels of prolactin in serum and prolactin gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in women with systemic lupus erythematosus; study suggests that the -1149TT genotype may be a risk factor for lupus PMID: 26583155
The results of our study suggest the association between vitamin D status and elevated macroprolactin levels in premenopausal women. PMID: 26179930
Despite the fact that serum prolactin levels were found to be high during pregnancy, the contribution of macroprolactin was found to be insignificant. No relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and PRL, macroPRL or monoPRL % was found. PMID: 26091810
PRL is ectopically activated in a subset of very aggressive lung tumors, associated with a rapid fatal outcome, in a cohort of 293 lung tumor patients and in an external independent series of patients; analysis of the PRL transcripts in lung tumors and cell lines revealed systematic truncations of their 5' regions, including the signal peptide-encoding portions. PMID: 24512221
PRL-PRLR can escalate the impact of breast cancer on bone metastasis and the presence of PRLR in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer bone metastasis has the potential to modulate the microenvironment to induce lytic osteoclast formation. PMID: 26586670
Women with higher prolactin levels did not report significantly increased hostility. PMID: 25226401
results suggest that up-regulation of IL-10 by prolactin might be modulating the pro-inflammatory response against mycobacterial antigens through the MAPK pathway PMID: 25218920
there is a link between prolactin and mean platelet volume levels; in women with PCOS, elevated PRL levels may increase the risk of developing atherothrombotic events via the activation of platelets PMID: 25359296
Our data extends prior research linking prolactin and invasive breast cancer to the outcome of in situ breast tumours and shows that higher circulating prolactin is associated with increased risk of in situ breast cancer. PMID: 25887963
Cord blood prolactin level showed weak correlation with duration of full obstetric delivery, and duration of the second stage. PMID: 26160091
the prolactin -1149 G/T polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to RA, but not SLE, in Caucasians [meta-analysis] PMID: 25724680
Patients with diabetes mellitus and impaired renal function demonstrate a high urinary PRL excretion. PMID: 26299069
serum levels were found to be higher in the infertile women than in controls PMID: 25345488
The prevalence and predictors of hyperprolactinemia in 178 patients with liver cirrhosis of different etio-logies, were investigated. PMID: 24816831
Studied the serum prolactin, cortisol, and ACTH stress response of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe sepsis/septic shock (SS) or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) compared to healthy subjects. PMID: 25243181
Report positive association between prolactin levels and the damage index (overall and its renal and cardiac/peripheral vascular domains), independently of other well-known risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID: 24718588
Hypertensive postmenopausal women with low risk for cardiovascular diseases have increased levels of prolactin, suggesting a possible role in the pathogenesis of hypertension PMID: 24861467
a gene signature based on PRL-upregulated genes was associated with prolonged relapse-free and metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients. PMID: 23758962
REVIEW: Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and prolactin abnormalities in suicidal behavior PMID: 24040800
PRL constrains tumor-promoting liver inflammation. PMID: 25049387

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

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