Biotinylated Human/Cynomolgus CD28 Protein (C-Fc-Avi)

Name: Biotinylated Human/Cynomolgus CD28 Protein (C-Fc-Avi)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-2160NP
Availability: InStock

BL-2160NP: Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)

Collections: Antibody / cell therapy targets, Antibody therapeutic / adc target proteins, Avi-tagged proteins, Biotinylated proteins, Cluster of differentiation (cd) proteins, Co-stimulatory receptors, Featured biotinylated protein molecules, Featured cd protein molecules, Featured immune checkpoint protein molecules, Immune checkpoint proteins, Recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Biotinylated Recombinant Human T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 is produced by our Mammalian expression system and the target gene encoding Asn19-Pro152 is expressed with a human IgG1 Fc, Avi tag at the C-terminus.
Accession	P10747
Synonym	CD28; CD28 antigen; CD28 molecule; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28; Tp44; TP44
Gene Background	T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28(CD28) is a single-pass typeI membrane protein which contains one Ig-likeV-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. It belongs to the immunoglobulin(Ig) superfamily. CD28 is one of the molecules expressed on T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, which are required for T cell activation.CD28 co-stimulation is necessary for CD4 positive T-cell proliferation and survival, interleukin-2 production, and T-helper type-2 development. Human post-thymic regulatory T cells require CD28 co-stimulation to expand and maintain potent suppressive function in vivo. Apoptosis plays a key role in the age-related decline of CD28 expression and in immunosenescence. CD28 is the receptor for CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2). When activated by Toll-like receptor ligands, the CD80 expression is upregulated in antigen presenting cells (APCs). The CD86 expression on antigen presenting cells is constitutive. CD28 is the only B7 receptor constitutively expressed on naive T cells.
Molecular Mass	44.1 KDa
Apmol Mass	60-90 KDa, reducing conditions
Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 20mTris-HCl, 150mM NaCl, pH 8.0.
Endotoxin	Less than 0.1 ng/µg (1 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity	Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)
Biological Activity	Biologically active. Please contact us to obtain bioactivity data.
Reconstitution	Always centrifuge tubes before opening. Do not mix by vortex or pipetting. It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml. Dissolve the lyophilized protein in distilled water. Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage	Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage	For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function	Involved in T-cell activation, the induction of cell proliferation and cytokine production and promotion of T-cell survival. Enhances the production of IL4 and IL10 in T-cells in conjunction with TCR/CD3 ligation and CD40L costimulation. Isoform 3 enhances CD40L-mediated activation of NF-kappa-B and kinases MAPK8 and PAK2 in T-cells.
Subcellular Location	Membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.; [Isoform 3]: Cell surface.
Database References	HGNC: 1653 OMIM: 186760 KEGG: hsa:940 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000324890 UniGene: Hs.443123
Tissue Specificity	Expressed in T-cells and plasma cells, but not in less mature B-cells.

Gene Functions References

The results of this study indicated that the CD28 rs3116496 polymorphism might impact the risk of schizophrenia, especially deficit schizophrenia. PMID: 28673752
CD28 may be a tumor suppressor gene and rs3116496 polymorphism of CD28 gene showed positively correlation with the increased risk of breast cancer. PMID: 29089469
percentage of CD4(+) CD28(null) T-cells was significantly higher in type 1 diabetes patients with and without microvascular complications compared with controls PMID: 28102614
Suggest that genetic polymorphisms of CD28 function as sex-dependent risk factors for development of acute rejection in an Iranian kidney transplant population. PMID: 28031007
the expression of CD28 was lower in both Sjogren's syndrome and systemic sclerosis patients PMID: 27878564
The fraction of CD4(+)CD28(null) cells proved to be predictive on outcome in congestive heart failure-patients presenting with atrial fibrillation. PMID: 27904907
In this study we systematically evaluated a series of CAR constructs targeting glypican-3 (GPC3), which is selectively expressed on several solid tumors. We compared GPC3-specific CARs that encoded CD3zeta (Gz) alone or with costimulatory domains derived from CD28 (G28z), 4-1BB (GBBz), or CD28 and 4-1BB (G28BBz). PMID: 27530312
These preliminary results suggest that patients undergoing liver or kidney transplant can be stratified at high risk of EAR according to their CD28 molecule expression on peripheral CD4(+) T lymphocytes. PMID: 28392336
The rs3116496 (T>C), rs3181098 (G>A) and rs3181100 (G>C) of CD28 were, respectively, found to be correlated with incremental susceptibility to recurrent spontaneous abortion under the allelic model. PMID: 29069644
Coexpression of CD200R-CD28 enhances function in WT1-specific T-cell receptor - transduced human primary T cells. PMID: 29042364
the upregulation of others syncytial molecules, including LAG3, CTLA4, CD28 and CD3, assisting the formation of syncytia with APC cells. PMID: 27108398
our data provide the first evidence of a strict link between the absence of CD28 and the expression of perforin, which is likewise enhanced by the expression of NKG2D, within selected CD4(+) T cells from cervical cancer patients. PMID: 28087292
Mutation of the basic clusters in the CD28 cytoplasmic domain reduced the recruitment to the CD28-Lck complex of protein kinase Ctheta; (PKCtheta;), which serves as a key effector kinase in the CD28 signaling pathway. PMID: 27460989
The mutant CD28 isoforms could accelerate tumor cell growth. PMID: 28711152
identified recurrent mutations in CD28 in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Molecular modeling studies on each of these mutations suggested how these mutants result in increased affinities. PMID: 26719098
the scaffolding role of RLTPR predominates during CD28 co-stimulation and underpins the similar function of RLTPR in human and mouse T cells. PMID: 27647348
Our data show that mast cells can costimulate human CD4(+) T cells to induce strong T-cell proliferation, but that therapies aiming at disrupting the interaction of CD28 and B7 molecules do not inhibit mast cell mediated T-cell activation. PMID: 26860071
High CD28 Circulating Levels are associated with Breast Cancer. PMID: 27381613
The CTLA4-CD28 gene fusion is likely a major contributor to the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphomas and represents a potential target for anti-CTLA4 cancer immunotherapy. PMID: 26819049
Following phosphorylation of the tyrosine, the proteins growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), Grb2-related adaptor downstream of Shc (Gads), and p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase may bind to pYMNM (where pY is phosphotyrosine) via their Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, leading to downstream signaling to distinct immune pathways. These three adaptor proteins bind to the same site on CD28 with variable affinity PMID: 27927989
CD28 family receptors are potential clinical indicators for the rapid monitoring of changes in T cell function during CHB treatment. PMID: 27314219
The eQTL mapping analysis revealed that the variations in CD28 and NFKB1 gene content might affect the abundance of transcripts of CD28 and Family with sequence similarity 177 member A1 (FAM177A1) genes, respectively. These results suggest that CD28 and NFKB1 gene variants may be associated with increased risks to IRM. PMID: 27488439
this study shows that CD28 contributes to rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in Egyptian PMID: 27125674
A highly recurrent novel missense mutation in CD28 among angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma patients. PMID: 26405154
These findings indicate that the associations of the CTLA-4 and CD28 polymorphisms with the risk of renal cancer are worth further study in a larger group of patients. PMID: 26403483
expansion of highly differentiated CD28null T cells is associated with a lower risk for early acute rejection after kidney transplantation PMID: 26950734
In patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome, the CD4 + CD28null T cell percentage was higher in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome versus those with STEMI. PMID: 26375412
in complex with T cell receptor, promotes glycolysis PMID: 26885860
Data show that CD28 antigen costimulation modulates CD46 antigen surface expression on activated T cells. PMID: 25787182
study also uncovered a previously unappreciated role for Vav1 in crosstalk between the CD28 and TCR signaling pathways PMID: 26043137
Among CD8+ T-lymphocytes, CD28+CD57+ cells represent a subset with some senescent features that are distinct from the CD28-CD57+ cells. PMID: 26277688
The CD28 gene polymorphisms may not only act in immune deregulation observed in schizophrenia, but may also influence the course of the illness by modifying the susceptibility to the co-occurrence of psychotic and affective symptoms PMID: 25998553
CD28 polymorphism, rs3116496, contributes to cancer susceptibility in the case of multiple cancers. PMID: 25534869
The functional decline of invariant natural killer T cells was closely related to the decrease in CD28 expression and the increases of Tim-3 and PD-1. PMID: 26215444
Results showed lower and higher serum levels of CTLA4 and CD28 detected respectively in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC)and found an association of the CTLA4 -318C/T polymorphism in CRC patients. PMID: 26408701
analysis of signaling pathways activated by CD28 during direct cell-cell contact by global analysis of protein phosphorylation PMID: 25829543
Immature dendritic cells convert anergic nonregulatory T cells into Foxp3- IL-10+ regulatory T cells by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4. PMID: 25382658
our data provide evidence that Vav1 is the linker molecule that couples CD28 to PIP5Kalpha activation and strongly fit with a potential model in which CD28 regulates PIP2 synthesis and turnover in T lymphocytes. PMID: 25539813
Thus, aberrant CD28 expression on circulating CD8+ T cells and the CD8+CD28+/CD8+CD28- T cells ratio reflect the dysregulation of T cell activation and are related to the pathogenesis of chronic HBV infection. PMID: 25013781
Five functional polymorphisms of B7/CD28 co-signaling molecules alter susceptibility to colorectal cancer. PMID: 25497975
Studies suggest that CD28 T > C polymorphism (rs3116496) may have an increased risk of cancer in Asians. PMID: 24927673
These results suggest that HVEM might play more important roles than CD28 in ConA-mediated T cell proliferation PMID: 24163161
Results indicate that the CC genotype and C allele of PD.1.9 and TT genotype and the T allele of CD28 are genetic risk factors for development of a severe grade of GVHD. PMID: 24564845
these data identify CD28 as a novel receptor molecule that may contribute to amplify the inflammatory response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by favoring pro-inflammatory cytokine production and Th17 amplification PMID: 24412596
The results of our study suggest an association between IVS3 +17T/C polymorphism in the CD28 gene and acute kidney allograft rejection. PMID: 24368148
Increased circulating level of HSP60 and HSP70 might play a role in initiation and/or progression of atherosclerosis in CKD subjects through perturbation of CD4(+)CD28(null) cells. PMID: 24347824
Loss of CD28 expression by liver-infiltrating T cells contributes to pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. PMID: 24726754
Investigation of organ sites, molecules, and cell subsets provides involvement in the priming of CD28 transgene-specific CD8 T cells following vaccination with a replication-deficient adenoviral vector. PMID: 24951814
this study identified two crucial immune-related molecules-CD28 and NFATc1, as putative targets of miR-145 in human and experimental myasthenia gravis PMID: 24043548
CD28 is an important mediator of Multiple myeloma survival during stress and can be targeted to overcome chemotherapy resistance. PMID: 24782505

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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