Recombinant Human FGF21 Protein

Name: Recombinant Human FGF21 Protein
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-1646SG
Availability: InStock

Collections: Cytokines and growth factors, Enzymes, Growth factors and receptors, Kinase, Recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Tag	N/A
Host Species	Human
Accession	Q9NSA1
Synonym	FGF-21, Recombinant Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21).
Background	FGF21 is a secreted growth factor of the FGF family, classified as an FGF19 subfamily member. Proteins of the FGF family are known to play a central role with respect to both prenatal and postnatal growth and development, and regeneration of a variety of tissues by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. In the presence of beta Klotho (protein cofactor), FGF21 signals via the FGFR receptors to stimulate insulin independent glucose uptake by adipocytes.
Description	Recombinant Human FGF21 was produced in E. coli. This protein is purified with our unique purification methods.
Source	E.coli
Molecular Weight	19.7 kDa
Purity	For specific purity information on a given lot, see related COA.
Endotoxin	< 1.0 EU per μg of the protein as determined by the LAL method
Formulation	Recombinant protein is supplied in 50mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 50mM NaCl, 10mM Glutathione, 0.25mM DTT, 0.1mM EDTA, 0.1mM PMSF and 25% glycerol.
Stability	The recombinant protein is stable for up to 12 months at -70°C
Usage	For Research Use Only
Storage	Recombinant Human FGF21 Protein should be stored should be stored at < -70°C. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Target Details

Target Function	Stimulates glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes via the induction of glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 expression (but not SLC2A4/GLUT4 expression). Activity requires the presence of KLB. Regulates systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.
Subcellular Location	Secreted.
Protein Families	Heparin-binding growth factors family
Database References	HGNC: 3678 OMIM: 609436 KEGG: hsa:26291 STRING: 9606.ENSP00000222157 UniGene: Hs.283015

Gene Functions References

The fibroblast growth factor -21 protein was significantly less expressed in liposarcoma than in normal tissue (p<0.05). Fibroblast growth factor -21 protein expression was related to gender, but not age, cell differentiation or tumor size. The patients in the low/no fibroblast growth factor 21 expression group were more likely to relapse and die in a shorter period of time. PMID: 29953859
These findings suggested that the serum FGF21 levels could be involved in a complex adaptive response to insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in humans. PMID: 28225059
Taking together from both physiological and genetic levels, we suggest that FGF21 is inversely associated with regional bone density. PMID: 29299795
besides the NF-kappaB pathway, the mechanism of action of FGF-21 was observed to involve the elevation of IL-10 in the ERK1/2 pathway. PMID: 29427162
ChREBP and FGF21 constitute a signaling axis likely conserved in humans that mediates an essential adaptive response to fructose ingestion that may participate in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and liver fibrosis. PMID: 28123933
Excess dietary carbohydrate, but not fat, led to markedly increased FGF21 secretion in humans, notably without protein restriction, and affected glucose and lipid homeostais. PMID: 28123934
In patients with coronary artery disease at baseline, an elevated serum FGF21 level was associated with development of a major adverse cardiovascular event in the future. PMID: 29462798
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family that functions as an endocrine hormone which regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is involved in maintaining of energy homeostasis and adaptation to starvation and low temperature. PMID: 30198244
FGF21 is a good predictor of acute-on-chronic liver failure and organ failure, is quite specific for cirrhosis, and seems independent of etiology and systemic inflammation. PMID: 29476704
FGF-21 could regulate the immune response indirectly by influencing the glucose uptake of activated monocytes cells. PMID: 28965199
The genetic defect leads to a disorder of mitochondrial translation or mtDNA maintenance. PMID: 27794110
FGF21 levels were reduced after energy-restricted treatments and severely increased after bariatric surgery, independently of the weight reduction magnitude, insulin sensitivity or ketosis; therefore, FGF21 appears to be a marker of severe nutritional stress PMID: 28588304
In HIV-infected individuals, FGF21 is significantly positively associated with liver fat. FGF21 decreases in association with reductions in liver fat, GGT, and FIB4, suggesting that FGF21 is upregulated in the context of steatosis and steatohepatitis and is reduced when these conditions improve PMID: 29031905
crystal structures of free and ligand-bound beta-klotho extracellular regions that reveal the molecular mechanism that underlies the specificity of FGF21 towards beta-klotho and demonstrate how the FGFR is activated in a klotho-dependent manner PMID: 29342135
In this review, we will summarize the current progress on the roles of FGF21 against metaflammation and metabolic tissue damage [Review] PMID: 28887067
This finding suggested FGF21 could be involved in the pathophysiology of diastolic heart failure. PMID: 27650781
FGF21 plasma levels correlate negatively with protein intake. PMID: 28078804
Serum FGF21 level was significantly correlated with left ventricular systolic function at baseline and higher levels resulted in greater levels of cardiac death. PMID: 28821258
In conclusion, our study, which focused on hepatic FGF21 and omentin-1 mRNA expression, confirmed marked expression of both molecules in the liver of morbidly obese patients with NAFLD. PMID: 28820393
Serum FGF21 concentrations are decreased in anorexia nervosa and elevated in obesity. They are independently and positively related to BMI and insulin resistance PMID: 28759185
FGF-21 was positively associated with 10-year CHD risk PMID: 28735064
Serum FGF21 level was an independent predictor for new-onset metabolic syndrome in a population-based prospective study. PMID: 29436198
these findings elucidate the involvement of abnormal FGF21 expression in early APAP-induced liver impairment. Interestingly, FGF21 may be a promising biomarker of APAP-exposed livers. PMID: 28591702
Elevated circulating FGF21 level is an independent predictor of incident coronary heard disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PMID: 28588089
Studied the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in metabolic disorders; found FGF21 levels decreased in obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. PMID: 28139438
Data suggest that both osteonectin and FGF21 levels in serum are associated with early nephropathy in type 2 diabetes, albeit with different patterns; persistent hyperglycemia may inhibit bone formation leading to osteoporosis. (FGF21 = fibroblast growth factor 21) PMID: 27916484
As part of the present study, we suggest that both tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors can reduce FGF-21 levels independently of body compositions, and these drugs can provide antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic and cardio-protective effects. We also recommend that serum FGF-21 level can be utilized as a tumor biomarker in early-stage breast cancer and for monitoring purposes PMID: 28106545
Data (including data from studies in knockout mice) suggest that dietary manipulations that induce ketosis also lead to increased HPA axis tone; FGF21 knockout mice exhibit blunted HPA response to ketogenic diet relative to wild-type mice; thus, the hepatokine FGF21 appears to play important role in response to ketogenic diet. (HPA axis = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) PMID: 29077838
This study revealed statistically significant associations between FGF21 rs838133 and increased consumption of candy, as well as nominal associations with increased alcohol intake and daily smoking. PMID: 28467924
The ability of FGF21 to decrease LDL cholesterol has now been traced to at least two mechanisms: a suppression of hepatocyte expression of sterol response element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), which in turn leads to a reduction in cholesterol synthesis; and up-regulated expression of hepatocyte LDL receptors, reflecting inhibition of a mechanism that promotes proteasomal degradation of these receptors. [review] PMID: 26872317
The objective of this review is to compile existing information about the mechanisms that could allow the control of endogenous FGF21 levels in order to obtain the beneficial metabolic effects of FGF21 by inducing its production instead of doing it by pharmacological administration. [review] PMID: 27583468
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene expression is altered by a wide array of physiological, metabolic, and environmental factors. [review] PMID: 27285327
As there was no significant association between FGF-21 and growth or IGF-1 both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, these findings do not support the hypothesis that FGF-21 is involved in growth of obese children. PMID: 26887040
This mini-review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of FGF21 in cardiovascular disorders, and discuss the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-atherogenic properties of this compound. [review] PMID: 27305706
FGF21 has received particular attention because of its key role in carbohydrate, lipids, and energy balance regulation. FGF21 has an anti-oxidant function in human metabolic diseases which contribute to understanding the FGF21 compensatory increment in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. [review] PMID: 27318658
cholestasis could induce FGF21 expression in FXR dependent manner PMID: 27003131
Serum concentrations of FGF21 are elevated in patients with non-HIV lipodystrophy with adipose tissue and liver being potential sources of increased production. TG and fibrate treatment are independent positive predictors of circulating FGF21. PMID: 27179139
FGF21 concentration in plasma is increased in patients with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Recent findings suggest that such increment protects tissue from an increased oxidative stress environment. (Review) PMID: 28039838
FGF21 appears to act in a paracrine manner to increase glucose uptake under low insulin conditions, but it does not contribute to the resistance to diet-induced obesity. PMID: 27184848
Insulin rather than glucose per se increases total and bioactive FGF21 in the postprandial period in adult humans. PMID: 28938434
FGF21 has a role in promoting remyelination in the central nervous system PMID: 28825598
FGF21 genotypes may interact with dietary carbohydrate/fat intake on changes in central adiposity and body fat composition. A low-calorie, high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet was beneficial for overweight or obese individuals carrying the carbohydrate intake-decreasing allele of the FGF21 variant to improve body composition and abdominal obesity. PMID: 27581055
Higher vitamin D status, but not FGF21, was associated with greater postprandial glucose oxidation and improved insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. PMID: 28359360
dietary protein dilution promotes improved glucose homeostasis through an select nonessential amino acids insufficiency-induced liver NUPR1/FGF21 axis PMID: 27548521
In Japanese men, acute endurance exercise lowers serum FGF21 levels 24 h following exercise. The results suggest that acute endurance exercise modulates postprandial FGF21 metabolism regardless of age. PMID: 27453549
Higher circulating FGF21 levels were associated with a high mortality rate, but not cardiovascular events in patient with end-stage renal disease, suggesting that circulating FGF21 levels serve as a predictive marker for mortality in these subjects. PMID: 28582462
FGF21 is not critical for bone homeostasis or actions of PPARalpha and PPARgamma. PMID: 27505721
miR-149 could negatively regulate the protein expression level of FGF-21. PMID: 27061435
As a biomarker for diabetes prediction, serum FGF21 appeared to be superior to other adipokines and, on its own, could be considered as an alternative to the oral glucose tolerance test. PMID: 27611701
Serum FGF21 rises significantly in humans with acute pancreatitis. The pancreas may be contributing to increased FGF21 levels following injury and FGF21 may play a role in the recovery process. PMID: 27832059

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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