Recombinant Mouse GDF15 Protein (N-8His-Flag)

Name: Recombinant Mouse GDF15 Protein (N-8His-Flag)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BL-2893NP
Availability: InStock

BL-2893NP: Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)

Collections: Cytokines, Recombinant proteins

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Product Overview

Description	Recombinant Mouse Growth Differentiation Factor 15 is produced by our Mammalian expression system and the target gene encoding Ser189-Ala303 is expressed with a 8His, Flag tag at the N-terminus.
Accession	Q9Z0J7
Synonym	Growth Differentiation Factor 15, Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1, GDF-15, MIC-1, NAG-1, PLAB, PTGFB
Gene Background	Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), also called Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 (MIC-1), is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. GDF15 can be secreted by a wide variety of cell types in response to a broad range of stressors. GDF-15 expression is dramatically upregulated during acute brain injury, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation, suggesting its potential value as a disease biomarker. GDF15 was shown to inhibit proliferation of primitive hematopoietic progenitors and introduced as a putative placental mediator of embryonic development. GDF15 has recently gained scientific and translational prominence with the discovery that its receptor is a GFRAL-RET heterodimer of which GFRAL is expressed solely in the hindbrain.
Molecular Mass	16.9 KDa
Apmol Mass	14-16 KDa, reducing conditions
Formulation	Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 4mM HCl.
Endotoxin	Less than 0.1 ng/µg (1 EU/µg) as determined by LAL test.
Purity	Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE. (QC verified)
Biological Activity	Not tested
Reconstitution	Always centrifuge tubes before opening.Do not mix by vortex or pipetting.It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml.Dissolve the lyophilized protein in 4mM HCl.Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage	Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt.Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days.Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months.
Shipping	The product is shipped at ambient temperature.Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature listed below.
Usage	For Research Use Only

Target Details

Target Function	Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL-expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which constitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling.
Subcellular Location	Secreted.
Protein Families	TGF-beta family
Database References	KEGG: mmu:23886 STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000003808 UniGene: Mm.31325
Tissue Specificity	Highly expressed in liver. Detected in plasma (at protein level). Expressed by cardiomyocytes, expression is highly increased in heart diseases. Also detected in subcutaneous fat.

Gene Functions References

GDF15 is a myokine secreted by aging-related stress and may control aging phenotype PMID: 29491220
Membrane-protein extraction and use of an intracellular protein-transport inhibitor showed that GDF-15 promoted CaV3.1 and CaV3.3 alpha-subunit expression by trafficking to the membrane. PMID: 27353765
CHOP activates Gdf15 transcription via binding to its promoter upon endoplasmic reticulum stress. PMID: 28847729
The ANT1-deficient muscle mitochondria produce excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are partially uncoupled. Hence, the muscle respiration under nonphosphorylating conditions is increased. Muscle transcriptome analysis revealed the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis, down-regulation of diabetes-related genes, and increased expression of the genes encoding the myokines FGF21 and GDF15. PMID: 28223503
isolating GFRAL as the receptor for GDF15-induced anorexia and weight loss, the identification of a mechanistic basis for the non-homeostatic regulation of neural circuitry by a peripheral signal associated with tissue damage and stress; findings provide opportunities to develop therapeutic agents for the treatment of disorders with altered energy demand PMID: 28953886
These data suggest that GDF15 is required for IL-13-induced improvement of glucose intolerance in mice fed an HFD. PMID: 28874416
HIF-1alpha and GDF15 expression are inversely related under normoxia and hyperoxia. PMID: 28734801
This is the first study defining the role of Mic-1/Gdf15 in a number of behavioural domains. PMID: 28081177
epithelial restitution was promoted by enhanced NAG-1 expression and subsequent enterocyte locomotion during the early wound-healing process PMID: 27421482
GDF15 is a potent mitohormetic signal that safeguards against the onset of obesity and insulin resistance. PMID: 27986797
The aim of this study was to identify the role of endogenous Gdf-15 in the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) by comparing Gdf-15 (+/+) and Gdf-15 (-/-) mice. PMID: 27115420
The results of this study indicated the importance of Gdf-15 in promoting survival of DAergic neurons and regulating the inflammatory response post 6-OHDA lesion. PMID: 26733415
endogenous Growth/differentiation factor-15 is beneficial for axon regeneration following sciatic nerve crush PMID: 26077927
repeated cisterna magna administration of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhanced endogenous adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic activity through a paracrine factor of GDF-15 PMID: 26154268
Levels of GDF-15 mRNA increased 2 h after induction of ventilator-induced lung injury in WT lungs. Non-hematopoietic cells are the main source of GDF-15. GDF-15 is required for platelet-leukocyte interactions during ventilator-induced lung injury. PMID: 25948320
hNAG-1 appears to be a novel therapeutic target in preventing and treating obesity and insulin resistance. PMID: 24531647
Collectively, hNAG-1 is an important regulator of mammalian longevity and may act as a survival factor. PMID: 25239873
Counterbalance between MIC-1 and ATF3 is critical for deciding the fate of enterocytes under the food chemical stress. PMID: 25180886
Growth differentiation factor 15, a marker of lung involvement in systemic sclerosis, is involved in fibrosis development but is not indispensable for fibrosis development. PMID: 24504814
Growth/differentiation factor 15 promotes EGFR signalling, and regulates proliferation and migration in the hippocampus of neonatal and young adult mice. PMID: 24496615
GDF-15 is therefore prominently upregulated in the retina after optic nerve crush but does not directly interfere with the magnitude and temporal progression of retinal ganglion cell death. PMID: 23640134
GDF15 protects the renal interstitium and tubular compartment in experimental type 1 and 2 diabetes without affecting glomerular damage PMID: 23986522
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli enhances MIC-1 gene expression in the human intestinal cancer cells PMID: 23503457
knockdown of MIC-1 can decrease RNPC1-induced cell growth suppression. PMID: 23836903
This is the first study that demonstrates a protective role of GDF-15 in advanced atherosclerosis and macrophage accumulation, possibly due to the reduced expression of adhesion molecules. PMID: 23800095
MIC-1/GDF15 is involved in the physiological regulation of appetite and energy storage. PMID: 23468844
GDF-15 specifically inhibits platelet integrin activation, preventing thrombus formation. PMID: 23231375
GDF-15 is involved in orchestrating atherosclerotic lesion progression by regulating apoptotic cell death and IL-6-dependent inflammatory responses to vascular injury. PMID: 23316317
Increased expression of the TGF-b superfamily cytokine MIC-1/GDF15 protects ApoE(-/-) mice from the development of atherosclerosis. PMID: 22386250
GDF15 impairs aortic contractile and relaxing function through an endothelium-dependent mechanism involving altered caveolar endothelial NO synthase signaling. PMID: 23262134
MIC-1/GDF15 has complex actions on tumor behavior PMID: 22952779
identified the secreted protein follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) as an inducer of GDF15 production. PMID: 22675198
The work shows that the molecule MIC-1/GDF15 might be beneficial for the treatment of obesity as well as perturbations in glucose homeostasis. PMID: 22514681
These findings suggest that GDF15 could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of bone loss relevant to hypoxia. PMID: 22190281
coronary artery ligation in Gdf15-deficient mice led to enhanced recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the infarcted myocardium and an increased incidence of cardiac rupture PMID: 21516086
Regulation of GDF-15, a distant TGF-beta superfamily member, in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. PMID: 21128084
GDF-15 deletion has a beneficial effect both in early and later atherosclerosis by inhibition of CCR2-mediated chemotaxis and by modulating cell death. PMID: 21242297
GDF-15 at endogenous levels contributes to proliferation and immune escape of malignant gliomas in an immunocompetent host. PMID: 20534737
Data show that MIC-1 is secreted from melanoma cells together with VEGF to promote vascular development mediated by (V600E)B-Raf signaling. PMID: 20431030
GDF-15 prevents apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons by activating Akt and inhibiting endogenously active ERK PMID: 12514175
GDF-15/MIC-1 is an early mediator of the injury response in kidney and lung PMID: 15897808
GDF-15 induction is an immediate early response to liver injury that can occur through TNF and p53 independent pathways PMID: 16154591
GDF15 is a novel autocrine/endocrine factor that antagonizes the hypertrophic response and loss of ventricular performance. PMID: 16397142
gdf15 is a growth factor with dual function either promoting proliferation or growth arrest and differentiation due most likely to differences in cellular differentiation PMID: 17286605
GDF-15 has no apparent effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor formation rate, growth rate or invasiveness in diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC in vivo. PMID: 18210153
Data conclude that MIC-1 is expressed in adipose tissue and secreted from adipocytes and is therefore a new adipokine. MIC-1 may have a paracrine role in the modulation of adipose tissue function and body fat mass. PMID: 19074584
a possible inverse relationship exists between the expression of NAG-1 and COX-2 in tumor formation of colon tissue. PMID: 19375854
the NAG-1 protein inhibits urethane-induced tumor formation PMID: 19401523
Despite striking similarities in the GDF-15 and CNTF knock-out phenotypes, expression levels of CNTF and other neurotrophic factors in the sciatic nerve were unaltered suggesting that GDF-15 is a genuine novel trophic factor for motor and sensory neurons. PMID: 19864576

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

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