Recombinant 2019-nCoV Spike Protein (RBD-SD1, His&Avi Tag)

Name: Recombinant 2019-nCoV Spike Protein (RBD-SD1, His&Avi Tag)
Brand: Beta LifeScience
SKU: BLPSN-10002P
Availability: InStock

Collections: Avi-tagged proteins, Coronaviruses, Featured viral antigens molecules, Recombinant proteins, Viral antigen

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Product Overview

Tag	His&Avi
Host Species	2019-nCoV
Accession	QHD43416.1
Synonym	S protein RBD; 2019-nCoV S protein RBD
Background	The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. Most notable is severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike (S) glycoprotein alone can mediate the membrane fusion required for virus entry and cell fusion. It is also a major immunogen and a target for entry inhibitors. It's been reported that 2019-nCoV can infect the human respiratory epithelial cells through interaction with the human ACE2 receptor.
Description	Biotinylated 2019-nCoV Spike Protein RBD-SD1 is expressed in Mammalian cells and the target gene encoding Arg319-Ser591 is expressed with a Avi, 6His tag at the C-terminus.
Source	Human Cells
AA Sequence	Arg319-Ser591
Molecular Weight	Mol Mass: 33.2kDa. AP Mol Mass: 38-45kDa, reducing conditions
Purity	> 95 % as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Formulation	Recombinant 2019-nCoV Spike Protein RBD-SD1 is supplied as a 0.2 μM filtered solution of PBS, pH 7.4
Stability	Recombinant 2019-nCoV Spike Protein RBD is stable for up to 1 year from date of receipt at -20°C to -80°C.
Usage	For Research Use Only
Storage	Store Recombinant 2019-nCoV Spike Protein RBD under sterile conditions at -20°C to -80°C. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Target Details

Target Function	attaches the virion to the cell membrane by interacting with host receptor, initiating the infection. Binding to human ACE2 receptor and internalization of the virus into the endosomes of the host cell induces conformational changes in the Spike glycoprotein. Binding to host NRP1 and NRP2 via C-terminal polybasic sequence enhances virion entry into host cell. This interaction may explain virus tropism of human olfactory epithelium cells, which express high level of NRP1 and NRP2 but low level of ACE2. The stalk domain of S contains three hinges, giving the head unexpected orientational freedom. Uses human TMPRSS2 for priming in human lung cells which is an essential step for viral entry. Can be alternatively processed by host furin. Proteolysis by cathepsin CTSL may unmask the fusion peptide of S2 and activate membranes fusion within endosomes.; mediates fusion of the virion and cellular membranes by acting as a class I viral fusion protein. Under the current model, the protein has at least three conformational states: pre-fusion native state, pre-hairpin intermediate state, and post-fusion hairpin state. During viral and target cell membrane fusion, the coiled coil regions (heptad repeats) assume a trimer-of-hairpins structure, positioning the fusion peptide in close proximity to the C-terminal region of the ectodomain. The formation of this structure appears to drive apposition and subsequent fusion of viral and target cell membranes.; Acts as a viral fusion peptide which is unmasked following S2 cleavage occurring upon virus endocytosis.; May down-regulate host tetherin (BST2) by lysosomal degradation, thereby counteracting its antiviral activity.
Subcellular Location	Virion membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Host cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.
Protein Families	Betacoronaviruses spike protein family

Gene Functions References

Study presents crystal structure of C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2-CTD) spike S protein in complex with human ACE2 (hACE2); hACE2-binding mode similar overall to that observed for SARS-CoV. However, details at the binding interface show that key residue substitutions in SARS-CoV-2-CTD slightly strengthen the interaction and lead to higher affinity for receptor binding than SARS-CoV receptor-binding domain. PMID: 32378705
crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 bound to the cell receptor ACE2 PMID: 32365751
crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (engineered to facilitate crystallization) in complex with ACE2 PMID: 32320687
Out of the two isolates from India compared to the isolates from Wuhan, China, one was found to harbor a mutation in its receptor-binding domain (RBD) at position 407 where, arginine was replaced by isoleucine. This mutation has been seen to change the secondary structure of the protein at that region and this can potentially alter receptor binding of the virus. PMID: 32275855
Structural modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein show similar receptor utilization between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, despite a relatively low amino acid similarity in the receptor binding module. Compared to SARS-CoV and all other coronaviruses in Betacoronavirus lineage B, an extended structural loop containing basic amino acids were identified at the interface of the receptor binding (S1) and fusion (S2) domains. PMID: 32245784
crystal structure of CR3022, a neutralizing antibody from a SARS patient, in complex with the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein to 3.1 A; study provides insight into how SARS-CoV-2 can be targeted by the humoral immune response and revealed a conserved, but cryptic epitope shared between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV PMID: 32225176
SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins have comparable binding affinities achieved by balancing energetics and dynamics. The SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 complex contains a higher number of contacts, a larger interface area, and decreased interface residue fluctuations relative to the SARS-CoV-ACE2 complex. PMID: 32225175
Interaction interface between cat/dog/pangolin/Chinese hamster ACE2 and SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 S protein was simulated through homology modeling. Authors identified that N82 of ACE2 showed closer contact with receptor-binding domain of S protein than human ACE2. PMID: 32221306
SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein harbors a furin cleavage site at the boundary between the S1/S2 subunits, which is processed during biogenesis and sets this virus apart from SARS-CoV and SARS-related CoVs; determined cryo-EM structures of the SARS-CoV-2 S ectodomain trimer. PMID: 32201080
Study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. PMID: 32155444
The ACE2-B0AT1 complex exists as a dimer of heterodimers. Structural alignment of the RBD-ACE2-B0AT1 ternary complex with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 suggests that two S protein trimers can simultaneously bind to an ACE2 homodimer. PMID: 32142651
study demonstrated SARS-CoV-2 S protein entry on 293/hACE2 cells is mainly mediated through endocytosis, and PIKfyve, TPC2 and cathepsin L are critical for virus entry; found that SARS-CoV-2 S protein could trigger syncytia in 293/hACE2 cells independent of exogenous protease; there was limited cross-neutralization activity between convalescent sera from SARS and COVID-19 patients PMID: 32132184
study determined a 3.5-angstrom-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the 2019-nCoV S trimer in the prefusion conformation; provided biophysical and structural evidence that the 2019-nCoV S protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with higher affinity than does severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV S PMID: 32075877

FAQs

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Proteins are sensitive to heat, and freeze-drying can preserve the activity of the majority of proteins. It improves protein stability, extends storage time, and reduces shipping costs. However, freeze-drying can also lead to the loss of the active portion of the protein and cause aggregation and denaturation issues. Nonetheless, these adverse effects can be minimized by incorporating protective agents such as stabilizers, additives, and excipients, and by carefully controlling various lyophilization conditions.

Commonly used protectant include saccharides, polyols, polymers, surfactants, some proteins and amino acids etc. We usually add 8% (mass ratio by volume) of trehalose and mannitol as lyoprotectant. Trehalose can significantly prevent the alter of the protein secondary structure, the extension and aggregation of proteins during freeze-drying process; mannitol is also a universal applied protectant and fillers, which can reduce the aggregation of certain proteins after lyophilization.

Our protein products do not contain carrier protein or other additives (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and sucrose, etc., and when lyophilized with the solution with the lowest salt content, they often cannot form A white grid structure, but a small amount of protein is deposited in the tube during the freeze-drying process, forming a thin or invisible transparent protein layer.

Reminder: Before opening the tube cap, we recommend that you quickly centrifuge for 20-30 seconds in a small centrifuge, so that the protein attached to the tube cap or the tube wall can be aggregated at the bottom of the tube. Our quality control procedures ensure that each tube contains the correct amount of protein, and although sometimes you can't see the protein powder, the amount of protein in the tube is still very precise.

To learn more about how to properly dissolve the lyophilized recombinant protein, please visit Lyophilization FAQs.